♪♪ We can harness them... ♪♪ ...to heal our damaged earth. ♪♪ What was once maverick thinking is becoming mainstream science with the discovery of more keystones from around the world. ♪♪ ♪♪ NARRATOR: In just five weeks, on the side without bass, the minnows have reduced the green pool to rubble. ♪♪ I had this feeling of both excitement for the beginnings of a new life and also an incredible sense of trepidation over whether I would succeed or not. ♪♪ Tree populations that probably hadn't occurred since the 1800s.

♪♪ NARRATOR: An upgraded planet is within reach. It will appropriately be screened on Earth Day Weekend, April 21, 2018. It will appropriately be screened on Earth Day Weekend, April 21, 2018. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then lo and behold, the vegetation began to respond and change in very, very dramatic ways. They've given us a new way to think about nature and our place within it. Even the adjacent coast can change from depositional mud flats with kelp to erosional rocky shores, after kelp wave breaks are lost. We were seeing a recovery, an upgrading of the whole ecosystem for the first time. ♪♪ That indicates that the starfish have been preventing the mussels from taking over. In nature, ecosystems are held in a state of precarious equilibrium called keystone species, or keystones. MP: There are two definitions, one historical and one revised. So, instead of taking warthog and waterbuck, they're taking impala and bushbuck and these smaller species that have been pretty safe from predation from lions. But what happens next amazes even Tony. ♪♪ Power suspects bass might be a keystone holding the community together in the lush, green pools. ♪♪ We netted out the bass, and then we added minnows just to one side. The Serengeti Rules With new knowledge comes new hope.

NARRATOR: They ventured into the wild, from the coasts of Alaska to South American jungles. The late Professor Robert T. Paine's work with keystone species is being featured in a short film "The Serengeti Rules," which has been accepted into the TriBeca Film Festival in New York. ♪♪ With little food to eat, predators like jaguars face starvation and abandon the islands. ESTES: If you lose the wrong ones, if you lose the keystones, you're going to see very big changes. Every day of the week, I can't stop thinking about it. LATEST UPDATES: Tracking COVID-19 | Racial Justice | Election 2020, Airs Wednesday, Oct. 9, 2019 at 8 p.m. & Sunday, Oct. 13 at 3 p.m. on KPBS TV + Oct. 13 at 8 p.m. on KPBS 2, Credit: Courtesy of Catherine Watling/Tangled Bank Studios, LLC. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations, Select the department you want to search in. SI: Can something as small as a microbe be a keystone or do organisms at the microscopic level have their own ecosystem isolated from the macro? SCIENTIFIC INQUIRER: Just for some background, can you define what an ecosystem is and the features a well-balanced ecosystem possesses? Tony Sinclair. NARRATOR: As a naturalist, he's trained to observe and record, but Bob is thinking more radically. 5 p.m. Premieres Sundays, Oct. 18 - Nov. 22, 2020 at 8 p.m. on KPBS TV + PBS Video App, Utility Cuts Power To 26,500 Californians Over Wildfire Risk, SDG&E Notifies North County Residents Of Possible Power Shutoffs, Winds, Scattered Light Showers Forecast For San Diego County, Judge Asks DOJ To Step Up Reuniting Families, High Testing Rates Keep San Diego In Red Tier As COVID-19 Cases Continue To Rise, Pandemic’s Death Toll 66% Higher Than Official Counts, inewsource Finds, San Diego County Reports 263 COVID-19 Cases, Six Deaths, UCSD Researchers Build Database To Predict Future COVID-19 Deaths, Cases, Measure B: Asking San Diego Voters To Beef Up Police Oversight, KPBS Financial SINCLAIR: I've always said that science is detective work. The Serengeti Rules is a significant contribution, one that will be welcomed by professional biologists and a wide range of lay readers." The gopher tortoise (gopherus polyphemus) is most definitely a keystone species, and likely belongs under the engineer sub-section. NATURE is a production of THIRTEEN PRODUCTIONS LLC for WNET and PBS. African lions might thus be used to replace the lost function of North American lions. Based on a book of the same name, The Serengeti Rules had its theatrical premiere at Tribeca Film Festival and has won awards at the 2018 Wildscreen Panda Awards and Jackson Hole Science Media Awards. SINCLAIR: In 1965, the Serengeti was not well-known. The reasoning is sound: protect one, key species and in doing so stabilize an entire community. How effective have efforts at upgrading been? ♪♪ Birds came back that had disappeared long ago.

You're listening to a sample of the Audible audio edition.

Above: Tony Sinclair (Greg Kriek) sits in Serengeti's tall grasslands looking through binoculars. It's hard to believe they're really here. ESTES: When Bob planted the seed of looking at the effect of otters, it naturally occurred to me that the way to do that would be to go to someplace where they didn't occur and compare that with where they did. 2 p.m. The kelp forest and virtually everything that lived here is gone. ♪♪ ♪♪ NARRATOR: Downgrading is a disturbing reality, but is it earth's destiny? The Scientific Inquirer needs your support.

So an invasive might cause the natural top predator to declines, thus leading to increases in that predator’s prey and decreases in that they are prey’s prey. Beginning in the 1960s, a small band of young scientists headed out into the wilderness, driven by an insatiable curiosity about how nature works. 1-Click ordering is not available for this item. ESTES: The instant I met him, I thought, 'There's no way I'm going to talk to this guy. To save the term from getting expanded beyond useful meaning, a group of ecologists including Bob Paine met in Hilo Hawaii (convened by the ecosystem scientist and world conservation leader Hal Mooney). ♪♪ TERBORGH: Everything that should've been there was there except for the top predators. SI: Was there surprise when it became evident that a keystone species doesn’t have to be a top predator or a carnivore? A young John Terborgh (Johnathan Newport) watches a rare bird in the forest. Unable to add item to List. There were sea urchins feeding on algae. Science can tell us what's happening when the naked eye can deceive us. Although values vary among human cultures, we often want clear, clean water and charismatic native species in our ecosystems. ♪♪ Ironic perhaps, because growing up, Mary couldn't see well at all.

Invasive plants can then change fire cycles in ways that devastate native vegetation (e.g. SINCLAIR: The way I looked on it was that animal populations have been in existence for millions of years without having to have humans control them. Like all wide ranging species, humans are invasive in the sense that they have spread from a smaller center of origin (Africa, depending on how far back you want to look at the evolution of life. But the world in general remains highly downgraded. It turns out the wildebeest had been decimated by a virus spread from cattle. © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. How does nature produce the right numbers of zebras and lions on the African savanna, or fish in the ocean?
NARRATOR: Tony determines the growing numbers are the result of a rebound.

Professor Anthony R.E.

What is a keystone species and what role do they play? Across the globe, they discovered that among the millions of species on our planet, some are far more important than others. I didn't know of any such place until I learned about Guri, and that's where it all began. I’ll take “well-balanced” to mean that the ecosystem supports biota and processes that enhance human well-being (including aesthetically or culturally). ♪♪ TERBORGH: On the mainland, leafcutter ants are controlled by a species of army ant. ♪♪ SINCLAIR: To our surprise, we found that all of a sudden, things started to reconnect with each other.

If, on the other hand, better land stewardship reduces nutrient fluxes to levels food webs can assimilate, aquatic grazers (snails, crustaceans, and in freshwaters, aquatic insect larvae) can suppress excessive algae.
--Siddhartha Mukherjee, author of The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer, "This is a rattling good read by one of the leading scientists of our time. Bravo on a brave topic, life and congratulatulations on the smooth traditions between the vignettes that gently illustrate human complexities and endeavours that ultimately propel humanity forward. If I go to a place where they don't occur, I ought to see it. The importance of keystone species is the magnitude of their influence, not their rung in the food chain.” 13. #NaturePBS. ♪♪ If the otters are having some big effect, I ought to see it.

Sinclair was born in 1944 and raised in East Africa. --Harry W. Greene, author of Tracks and Shadows: Field Biology as Art. The first 100 or so pages are quite heavy going with a lot of scientific explanations about "ecosystems" within individual cells and then how different cells inter-relate within the human body. ♪♪ [ Ostrich chirps ] ♪♪ [ Wildebeest grunting ] ♪♪ There was everything around me -- all of these species all mixed up together. http://bit.ly/2jjiagi. TERBORGH: I had never seen anything like this before. [ Radio tuning ] Bob Paine is a newly-minted biology professor at the University of Washington.

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